Beyond genetics: Cancer and environmental factors

Vicente Guillem Porta, María José Juan Fita

Abstract


Cancer is one of the major health problems in the Western world given its high incidence and mortality rates. It is the second cause of death after cardiovascular disease, and the leading cause of mortality in people under seventy. This article takes a look at the external factors – chemical, physical and biological – that can trigger cancer.

Keywords


cancer; causes; environment; genetics

Full Text: PDF (Català) PDF (Español) PDF

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.77.2472

References


Blot, W. et al., 1988. «Smoking and Drinking in Relation to Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer». Cancer Research, 48: 3282-3287.

Blot, W. et al., 1992. «Alcohol and Cancer». Cancer Research, 52: 2119-2123.

Boffeta, P. et al., 1990. «Alcohol Drinking and Mortality among Men Enrolled in an American Cancer Society Prospective Study». Epidemiology, 1: 342-348. DOI: <10.1097/00001648-199009000-00003>.

Boyle, P., 1995. «Tobacco and Cancer, the European Perspective». Annals of Oncology, 7: 673-677.

Dockery, D. W. et al., 1993. «An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six US Cities». The New England Journal of Medicine, 329: 1753-1759. DOI: <10.1056/NEJM199312093292401>.

Doll, R. and R. Peto, 1981. «The Causes of Cancer. Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today». Journal National Cancer Institute, 66: 1291-1308. DOI: <10.1093/jnci/66.6.1192>.

Donato, F. et al., 2006. «Southern Europe as an Example of Interaction Between Various Environmental Factors: a Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence». Oncogene, 25(27): 3756-3770. DOI: <10.1038/sj.onc.1209557>.

Garfinkel, L.; Boffeta, P. and S. Stellman, 1988. «Alcohol and Breast Cancer: a Cohort Study». Preventive Medicine, 17: 686-693. DOI: <10.1016/0091-7435(88)90086-2>.

Hackshaw, A. K.; Law, M. R. and V. J. Wald, 1997. «The Accumulated Evidence of Lung Cancer and Environmental Tobacco Smoke». BMJ, 315: 980-988. DOI: <10.1136/bmj.315.7114.980>.

Harvey, E. et al., 1987. «Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer». Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 78: 657-661.

Kruk, A. and A. Kladna, 1999. «Sports Activity at Young Age Among Women After Mastectomy, Compared to the Control Group». Med Sport, 99: 29-33.

Norat, T. and E. Riboli, 2003. «Daily Products and Colorectal Cancer. A Review of Possible Mechanisms and Epidemiological Evidence». European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(1): 1-17. DOI: <10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601522>.

Pinar Sedeño, B. and P. C. Lara Jiménez, 2004. «Carcinogénesis física». BioCancer Research Journal, 1. Available at: <http://www.biocancer.com/journal/218/carcinogenesis-fisica>.

Protani, M.; Coory, M. and J. H. Martin, 2010. «Effect of Obesity on Survival of Women with Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis». Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 123: 627-635. DOI: <10.1007/s10549-010-0990-0>.

Shi, J.; Zhu, L.; Liu, S. and W-f. Xie, 2005. «A Meta-analysis of Case-control Studies on the Combined Effect of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections in Rausing Hepatocellular Carcinoma in China». British Journal of Cancer, 92(3): 607-612. DOI: <10.1038/sj.bjc.6602333>.

Van Loon, A. J. et al., 1997. «Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens and Risk of Lung Cancer: Results from The Netherlands Cohort Study». Occupation and Environmental Medicine, 54: 817-824. DOI: <10.1136/oem.54.11.817>.

Wynder, E. L. and E. A. Graham, 1950. «Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma. A Study of Six Hundred and Eighty-four Proved Cases». The Journal of the American Medical Association, 143: 329-336. DOI: <10.1001/jama.1950.02910390001001>.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.