Educación formal e informal en confinamiento: una creciente desigualdad de oportunidades de aprendizaje
Resumen
El cierre de escuelas en Cataluña para contener los efectos de la COVID-19 obligó a las escuelas y las familias a reaccionar en poco tiempo y sin planificación previa ante un nuevo escenario de enseñanza. Este artículo evalúa el impacto del cierre escolar sobre la desigualdad de aprendizaje entre niños de diferentes contextos sociales en Cataluña. A partir de los datos de una encuesta en línea realizada entre el 26 y el 30 de marzo (n = 35.419) a familias con hijos entre 3 y 18 años, nuestro análisis muestra que las oportunidades de aprendizaje varían significativamente en función de las características del alumnado. Durante el confinamiento, algunas escuelas consiguieron adaptarse a las nuevas circunstancias con mejores medios que otras. De igual forma, el capital socioeconómico y cultural de las familias comportó diferencias significativas en las oportunidades de aprendizaje para los niños de diferentes orígenes sociales. Las familias de clase media pudieron mantener estándares más altos de calidad educativa en un contexto crítico, mientras que aquellas socialmente desfavorecidas mostraron una menor exposición a las oportunidades de aprendizaje, tanto en tiempo como en experiencias (tareas escolares y actividades extracurriculares). Los resultados difieren según el tipo de escuela (público/privada), el capital social y cultural y las condiciones de vida familiares. En la parte final del artículo, destacamos la importancia del papel de la escuela para garantizar oportunidades de aprendizaje para los niños de bajos niveles socioeconómicos y discutimos algunas de las implicaciones políticas de nuestros resultados.
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