Explorando los beneficios de los ríos secos para el bienestar humano: una perspectiva social
Resumen
Los ríos secos son cauces cuyo hábitat es terrestre, están desconectados de las aguas subterráneas, únicamente transportan agua que evacuan rápidamente tras fuertes lluvias esporádicas y, por tanto, no albergan organismos acuáticos. La ausencia permanente de agua en estos cauces constituye la principal razón por la que gestores y sociedad civil, en general, los consideran inútiles e improductivos, siendo uno de los ecosistemas más impactados del mundo. Este trabajo afronta tres objetivos principales. En primer lugar, revisar la diversidad de servicios ecosistémicos que los ríos secos proporcionan al bienestar humano utilizando el marco conceptual propuesto por la Plataforma Intergubernamental Ciencia-Política sobre Biodiversidad y Servicios ecosistémicos (IPBES). En segundo lugar, detectar los impulsores directos e indirectos de cambio claves que afectan a la capacidad de estos ríos para generar un flujo sostenible de servicios, y en tercer lugar, aportar información sobre la percepción social que los ciudadanos de la Región de Murcia (España) tienen sobre los ríos secos aplicando la técnica de libre listado (“freelisting”). El trabajo se basa en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica (sin menospreciar la literatura gris) que aporta evidencias sobre los beneficios de los ríos secos a la sociedad. Los resultados muestran que estos ecosistemas contribuyen al bienestar humano no tanto por su alta capacidad de proveer servicios ecosistémicos sino por la fuerte relación y colaboración que, a lo largo de la historia, ha existido entre las comunidades que viven en torno a estos ecosistemas y los recursos que proveen. Impulsores de cambio de naturaleza social y económica están alterando los modelos de sostenibilidad que mantenían un alto grado de resiliencia de estos socio-ecosistemas. La consulta a los ciudadanos reveló paradójicamente que, aunque el conocimiento actual sobre los ríos secos no es completo y su utilidad está infravalorada, existe un valor sociocultural fuertemente arraigado.
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