Potencial de las imágenes aéreas históricas y la fotogrametría automatizada para elaborar modelos 3D de cauces efímeros mediterráneos y cuantificar cambios morfológicos
Resumen
El estudio de la dinámica de los cauces efímeros mediterráneos (CEM) resulta de gran interés, al tratarse de sistemas geomorfológicos expuestos a importantes fluctuaciones recientes en los factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos que los gobiernan. Para obtener una aproximación a su modelo dinámico y comprender su adaptación a diferentes perturbaciones resulta vital el desarrollo de estudios a una escala temporal adecuada (décadas). En este trabajo, se analiza el potencial de los fotogramas aéreos históricos y la fotogrametría automatizada para generar modelos 3D y ortofotografías de CEM en diferentes fechas y tratar de analizar cambios morfológicos a partir de ellos. Se seleccionaron, a modo de ejemplo, varios tramos de dos ramblas en la cuenca del Segura (Rambla de Algeciras y Rambla de Valdelentisco) y otros tres en un curso efímero de la Cuenca del Ebro (Barranco de Tudela). Se emplearon fotogramas de los denominados vuelo americano B (1956) y vuelo interministerial (1973-1986), junto con puntos de apoyo naturales registrados con un sistema de posicionamiento global (GNSS) para alimentar técnicas de fotogrametría automatizada (Structure-from-Motion & Multi-View Stereo) y producir nubes de puntos, modelos digitales de superficie y ortofotografías. Fue necesario llevar a cabo algunas adaptaciones del flujo de trabajo fotogramétrico convencional a las características de los fotogramas (inclusión de marcas fiduciales, utilización de máscaras, uso de puntos naturales, etc.). Los resultados arrojaron un error cuadrático medio de los productos cartográficos que osciló entre 0,62 y 0,85 m con densidades volumétricas de las nubes de puntos resultantes de 1,03 a 4,47 pts·m-3. Por lo tanto, este enfoque metodológico podría emplearse en el análisis de cambios relevantes (>1 m) y para la descripción morfológica de los cauces e integrarse con cartografía reciente para una mejor compresión de su dinámica.
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